Birth Of Venus By Botticelli And Child Enthroned With...

Artist in the prehistoric and medieval periods used art to illustrate ideas and concepts affecting their prehistoric societies. Most of the artistic works of this time and their presentation had a cultural and stylistic significance. The arts portrayed a particular ideas concepts and themes. An example of this works includes, Birth of Venus by Botticelli and Child Enthroned with Saints by Duccio. The paper seeks to compare and contrast these two works basing on the differences in artistic styles and cultural contexts used. Birth of Venus Birth of Venus is one of the world most famous and appreciated works of art. It was painted by Botticelli . The picture hangs in the country villa of the Medici indicating that the work got commissioned by Medici family. In this painting, Venus rises from the sea looking like a classical statue and floats on a seashell .it gives one of the surest and most recognizable art images in the history. On Venus right is Zephyrus, who is the god of winds and carries with him the gentle breeze of Aura and together they blow the goddess of love ashore. Goddess of seasons, the Horae, waits to receive Venus and spreads out a flower covered robe in readiness for the Love Goddess arrival. Botticelli took some of the inspiration for a hymn by Homer, the classical poet. However, it was an unusual subject for the time since most Renaissance artists used themes from the teachings of the Catholic church for their paintings (Corsini, 6). It was in the keepingShow MoreRelatedArt History Study Guide3003 Words   |  13 Pages * Duccio –Maesta; Entry into Jerusalem; Betrayal of Jesus * Giotto –Maesta; Lamentation/ Scrovegni Chapel(aka Arena Chapel), Padua; Death of St. Francis, Bardi Chapel, [and Pisano, Talenti] Campanille * Lorenzetti, Ambrogio –Allegory of Good Government in the City/Country * Lorenzetti, Pietro –Birth of a Virgin * Martini, Simone –Annunciation altarpiece * Orcagna –[and Bernardo Daddi] Tabernacle/ Madonna and Child with Saints, Orsanmichele

Essay about Hoarding Attempt of Affluence, Reality of...

William James, known as the â€Å"philosopher of America† (Kaila Kovailanen, 2011), had his own perspective on ownership. In 1918 he described acquisitiveness as â€Å"an instinct, something that is part of human nature, present at birth and with us throughout life. This instinct contributes to our sense of self. What is ‘me’ fuses with what is ‘mine,’ and our ‘self’ consists of what we possess† (Frost and Steketee, pp. 48). It seems that even this brilliant mind, who has been considered the father of American psychology, believed that collecting things is a part of human nature. In the western culture, society views the prominent and affluent people as those with large houses, fancy cars, and expensive things, yet those who take attainment†¦show more content†¦Hoarding has widely been considered as a type of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Although people have been compulsively hoarding for years, little has be en known about this abnormal behavior until recently. Until the 1990s, minimal research had been done (Steketee, 2010). In the most current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, text revised (DSM-IV-TR), published by the American Psychiatric Association, hoarding is not currently listed as a diagnosable mental disorder. Frost and Hristova (2011) state that because hoarding has been considered as a subtype of OCD, the recent research has lent to the proposition of hoarding being considered as its own separate disorder. It is currently under consideration to be included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th Edition (DSM-V) as a separate diagnosable disorder (American Psychiatric Association, 2000; Frost Hristova, 2011). In a seminar, Frost and Steketee (2010) asked students about things they owned that they considered meaningful. One student said that her most prized possession was a shirt that was worn by Jerry Seinfeld. When asked if it would have meaning if she did not know if it had been worn by Jerry Seinfeld, she said no. The author then stated that it seemed the student was connecting with something bigger than herself through the item, and that it seemed it was not the object that she valued, but the connection it symbolized (p.

Global Marketing and Advertising Cultural Paradoxes

Question: Discuss about the Global Marketing and Advertising for Cultural Paradoxes. Answer: Introduction: The product is mainly directed towards the social development of the society. Formal marketing is needed to help the customers know about the product. The planting festival might give the organization the recognition that will help them get highlighted in the market but it will also be helpful to make the environment pollution free. The people might not be able to come across such festivals as they do not search themselves. Hence, a formal marketing is needed to make the people aware of such products. The initiative was taken by Queensland Folk Federation in the year 1994 and since then it has seen tremendous growth in the field. The organization is able to sustain a healthy relationship with the industry as it has helped the society to get a healthy environment The multinational companies can act competitors to Queensland Folk Federation as the corporate social responsibility of many companies is directed toward a cleaner and greener environment. The products will have positive influence on the issues relating to sustainability (Burchell, Rettie Patel, 2013). In a place like Australia where concrete development is more, the planting festival will help the citizens get fresh air and will acts as escape from the daily life of the city. Description of product and services The product is mainly aimed at the social development of the society and that is the biggest completive advantage of the product. Pollution is the biggest problem of Australia due to the rise of the urban population and growth if the hospitality industry (Salleh, 2014). In such a situation, Queensland Folk Federation has aimed their business solely to develop a greener environment which will help them get highlighted in the market (McKenzie-Mohr, 2013). Going by the survey that was done for the festival, it has been seen that the interest among the young generation has risen. Hence, the potential target market for the planting festival will be the youths who are nowadays more concerned with the environment and the pollution. In addition to this, the customers who are retired, at times spend their time on farming. Thus, the senior citizens who are above the age group of 60 years will be targeted by Queensland Folk Federation. Once the customers will understand the value of a cleaner and greener environment, they will be able to understand the value of the product (De Mooij, 2013). Thus, the harmful effects of pollution should be told to them while marketing the product. In addition to this camping facilities are available for the customers who have the planted trees earlier as they can now use the shade of those trees for the camping. Recommendations It is recommended to the senior managers to take the following steps to develop a full marketing plan: Do a thorough external market research and study the organizations who work towards plantation. This will help them know the competitors and partners if needed in future Include amenities based on the survey and the suggestion of the visitors The customers should get the tickets easily References Burchell, K., Rettie, R., Patel, K. (2013). Marketing social norms: social marketing and the social norm approach.Journal of Consumer Behaviour,12(1), 1-9. De Mooij, M. (2013).Global marketing and advertising: Understanding cultural paradoxes. Sage Publications. McKenzie-Mohr, D. (2013).Fostering sustainable behavior: An introduction to community-based social marketing. New society publishers. Salleh, A. (2014).Air quality standards 'increase pollution and health risks'.abc.net.au. Retrieved 19 December 2016, from https://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2014/10/01/4097658.htm

Principles of Economics Essay Example

Principles of Economics Essay In the readings of this week we looked at some market structures and how they affect the certain areas of economic structures within the economy. In this paper we will also be exploring information given on equilibrium in relationship to the labor market, as well as an observation of the package deliver leader â€Å"UPS† We will first start with comparing and contrasting services and goods used n the different market structures. In Economics, market goods in four different categories grouped by characteristics of being excludable or rival in consumption. Excludable basically means one person can prevent the use by another person. A rival in consumption means the use of a good by one person eliminates the opportunity for another person to use that same good. The four different groups of goods are private goods, public goods, common resources, and natural monopolies. Private goods are goods that private firms produce for profit available to people but not available to all people. Examples of private good are food, clothing, toys, furniture, and cars. According to Mankiw (2007), private goods are excludable and rival in consumption because someone can prevent some from obtaining a good and the use of a good prevents others from obtaining the same exact good. Natural monopolies are goods which are excludable but can be used without limitations. For example, a cable company can exclude people from accessing cable by charging for cable, but there is no limit on the consumption. We will write a custom essay sample on Principles of Economics specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Principles of Economics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Principles of Economics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Public goods are the exact opposite of private goods. Public goods are free, available to everyone, and there is no decrease in the availability by use of others; therefore public goods are neither excludable or rivals in consumption (Mankiw,  2007). Air is an example of a public good. In general, the intake of air by one individual does not decrease the supply of air to other individuals. Another category of goods are common resources. Common resources are the goods that are available to everyone, but the use of the good itself reduces the availability of the good to others. Commonly used examples of common resources are fish in the ocean and congested non-toll roads. The final category of goods is natural monopolies. Because of the free availability of public goods and common resources, there are both positive and negative externalities. The positive and negative externalities require government intervention and regulations to protect resources and future allocation of resources. When the quantity of demanded equals the quantity supplied at the current market price, it is refers to the labor market equilibrium. Equilibrium is to keep thing balanced. There has to be a balance in the labor marketplace to keep thing equal. A change in labor market equilibrium can occur when there is limited amount of job opening and qualified people to fill those positions. When there is a decrease in labor supply occurs there are not enough qualified people to fill the position that are open. Hiring more labor causes the marginal product of the worker to fall. In the new equilibrium both the wage and the value of the marginal product of labor are lower than they were before the increase in labor supply. This causes the labor market equilibrium to become unbalanced. Labor demands shift decrease because of a lack of jobs opening in area causing qualified employees to relocate to find a job. When demand for labor increases an increase wages and employment will increase. With a higher output price the added productivity from more employees is more valuable, which makes hiring more workers becomes profitable (Mankiw,  2004). Mankiw (2004) stated, â€Å"Any event that changes the supply or demand for labor must change the equilibrium wage and value or the marginal product by same amount, because these must always be equal. † Equilibrium happens when supply equals demand, generating the employment, and competitive wage. In closing what has been included in this paper are the main points of what we believe these chapters have summarized. The four major market structures have been broken down to understand who and what are represented by each in an example as well as characters of each. The effectiveness of these organizations as well as factors that affect supply and demand have highlighted along with compare and contrast resources within market structure. References: ankiw, N. G. (2004). Principles of Economics (4th ed. ). Mason, Ohio: South-Wesrern. UPS Investors Relations , 1999-2010 United Parcel Service of America, Inc Retrieved from www. investors. ups. com

Cherokee Indian Tribe Essays - Cherokee Nation, Cherokee, Sequoyah

Cherokee Indian Tribe The Cherokee Indians first lived in Tennessee. The name Indian first came from Christopher Columbus, who thought that America was part of the Indies, Asia. The first person to come across Indians was Hernando de Soto, in 1540. In wintertime the Indian men wore long sleeved shirts, loose ?fitting leggings, and moosehide moccasins. Women wore skin dresses tied at the waist and long, fitted leggings. Indians would hunt deer, elk, moose and buffalo. They would also eat rabbits, raccoons and birds. The women would sometimes make a stew with the meat. They also ate berries, nuts, fruit and beans and corn. Indian houses were made of stone, wood, skins, twigs and mud. There were wigwams; tipis, earth and grass covered houses. The tipis were made of buffalo skins. The tipi would protect the Indians from the cold winters. They always faced the tipi towards the east because the winds came from the west. The Indian children liked to have toys, their fathers and grandfathers would make small bows and arrows, sling shots and bean shooters. The girls liked to string berries to make a necklace; they made dolls out of grass, pine needles and bark. The boys would practice target shooting when they were old enough to prepare for when they would hunt. The Indians worshipped the sun, the wind and the rain. They celebrated places on earth that were important to the Indian people, such as a mountain, a lake or a valley. The Indians believed animals including birds were also people, just like the tribes. Indians knew a great deal about nature, they believed that a job was well done only when the spirits had been thanked. They had dances and festivals to help make their crops grow. Sequoyah was a great Cherokee Indian. Sequoyah was born in 1776 at a village called Tuskeegee. He was the first man to create a writing system for the Cherokees. Sequoyah never learned the English alphabet so he began to make up symbols that could make words. He could not read military orders or write letters home so after the war he made the symbols. He made 85 symbols that were sounds. He taught his little girl how to make the symbols. After 12 years of working on the language he and his daughter showed the syllabary to the Cherokees. The Cherokee Nation awarded Sequoyah a silver medal for doing such a great job on the new language. The Trail of Tears was a terrible time for the Cherokee Indians. Back in 1838 the Army went to Tennessee and took all the Indians out and had them walk to Oklahoma. A lot of Indians died because of the terrible time walking and the weather would get really bad. Over 3,000 Cherokees were taken on the trail of tears. It was a very sad time. History Essays

Psychology Adolescent Depression Essays - Abnormal Psychology

Psychology Adolescent Depression Essays - Abnormal Psychology Psychology Adolescent Depression The Under Acknowledged Disease Depression is a disease that afflicts the human psyche in such a way that the afflicted tends to act and react abnormally toward others and themselves. Therefore it comes to no surprise to discover that adolescent depression is strongly linked to teen suicide. Adolescent suicide is now responsible for more deaths in youths aged 15 to 19 than cardiovascular disease or cancer (Blackman, 1995). Despite this increased suicide rate, depression in this age group is greatly underdiagnosed and leads to serious difficulties in school, work and personal adjustment which may often continue into adulthood. How prevalent are mood disorders in children and when should an adolescent with changes in mood be considered clinically depressed? Brown (1996) has said the reason why depression is often over looked in children and adolescents is because children are not always able to express how they feel. Sometimes the symptoms of mood disorders take on different forms in children than in adults. Adolescence is a time of emotional turmoil, mood swings, gloomy thoughts, and heightened sensitivity. It is a time of rebellion and experimentation. Blackman (1996) observed that the challenge is to identify depressive symptomatology which may be superimposed on the backdrop of a more transient, but expected, developmental storm. Therefore, diagnosis should not lay only in the physician's hands but be associated with parents, teachers and anyone who interacts with the patient on a daily basis. Unlike adult depression, symptoms of youth depression are often masked. Instead of expressing sadness, teenagers may express boredom and irritability, or may choose to engage in risky behaviors (Oster & Montgomery, 1996). Mood disorders are often accompanied by other psychological problems such as anxiety (Oster & Montgomery, 1996), eating disorders (Lasko et al., 1996), hyperactivity (Blackman, 1995), substance abuse (Blackman, 1995; Brown, 1996; Lasko et al., 1996) and suicide (Blackman, 1995; Brown, 1996; Lasko et al., 1996; Oster & Montgomery, 1996) all of which can hide depressive symptoms. The signs of clinical depression include marked changes in mood and associated behaviors that range from sadness, withdrawal, and decreased energy to intense feelings of hopelessness and suicidal thoughts. Depression is often described as an exaggeration of the duration and intensity of normal mood changes (Brown 1996). Key indicators of adolescent depression include a drastic change in eating and sleeping patterns, significant loss of interest in previous activity interests (Blackman, 1995; Oster & Montgomery, 1996), constant boredom (Blackman, 1995), disruptive behavior, peer problems, increased irritability and aggression (Brown, 1996). Blackman (1995) proposed that formal psychologic testing may be helpful in complicated presentations that do not lend themselves easily to diagnosis. For many teens, symptoms of depression are directly related to low self esteem stemming from increased emphasis on peer popularity. For other teens, depression arises from poor family relations which could include decreased family support and perceived rejection by parents (Lasko et al., 1996). Oster & Montgomery (1996) stated that when parents are struggling over marital or career problems, or are ill themselves, teens may feel the tension and try to distract their parents. This distraction could include increased disruptive behavior, self-inflicted isolation and even verbal threats of suicide. So how can the physician determine when a patient should be diagnosed as depressed or suicidal? Brown (1996) suggested the best way to diagnose is to screen out the vulnerable groups of children and adolescents for the risk factors of suicide and then refer them for treatment. Some of these risk factors include verbal signs of suicide within the last three months, prior attempts at suicide, indication of severe mood problems, or excessive alcohol and substance abuse. Many physicians tend to think of depression as an illness of adulthood. In fact, Brown (1996) stated that it was only in the 1980's that mood disorders in children were included in the category of diagnosed psychiatric illnesses. In actuality, 7-14% of children will experience an episode of major depression before the age of 15. An average of 20-30% of adult bipolar patients report having their first episode before the age of 20. In a sampling of 100,000 adolescents, two to three thousand will have mood disorders out of which 8-10 will commit suicide (Brown, 1996). Blackman (1995) remarked that the suicide rate for adolescents has increased more than 200% over the last decade. Brown (1996) added that an estimated 2,000 teenagers per year commit suicide in the United States, making it the leading cause of death after accidents and homicide. Blackman (1995) stated that it is not uncommon for young people to be preoccupied with issues of mortality and to contemplate the effect their death would have on close family and friends. Once it has been determined

Write about the picture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 9

Write about the picture - Essay Example The colors are quite penetrating and forceful, particularly the white and the brown. There is not much of a contrast between the dark and light shades, the lines are blurred but very distinct. The viewers may have the feeling that they are observing a landscape, and the general impact is surreal. The impact of graphic closeness opposes the complicated strategies that were applied to the creation of the painting. Although this seems to be a hasty, spur-of-the-moment work, thorough analysis reveals that Vivian George perfected it in phases and picked and capitalized on her materials to highlight her imaginings and subtle meanings. As I look systematically at the painting, I am sometimes drawn to the light shades on the left, yet persistently returning to the center, where the whole image collapses into one indefinite appearance. This shift takes place mainly due to the contrast between the left and the right side, with the left side showing the few light touches. Most of the colors are vivid or quite saturated, and their contrast with one another also adds to the backward and forward movement of my eyes as I observe the details of the canvas. If the dark colors were not as saturated, greater emphasis would be on the left side of the canvas, it would hold greater ‘massâ⠂¬â„¢, and my eyes would focus at that side. Consequently, the composition of the painting would become uneven. The painting induces neither happiness nor sadness. The colors are intense, and pastel hues normally produce positive feelings, but I largely felt puzzled, and perhaps somewhat disordered. I would want to know more about the painting and the artist in order to understand the image. The colors are quite calm, and even the dark colors have lightness in them, yet the enclosing images show a natural landscape. Therefore, I believe this is what Vivian George is trying

Detail three differences of the colonies listed in the chapter 1 and 2 Assignment

Detail three differences of the colonies listed in the chapter 1 and 2 - Assignment Example They relied on ship-building due to the sturdy pines that existed there. Also their economy was largely supported by fishing. People increasingly clustered around the coastal regions and built farm lands for promoting agriculture. Their institution of extreme importance was their church which overlooked their morality – this colony was formed mainly for religious purposes (Remini 21). The Middle colony mainly relied on farming and commerce; agriculture thrived in this region because of the climatic conditions and several animals were used to provide fur for export. The fur was actually what the Dutch colonists had shown interest in initially. The fur was not only exported to Europe but also to Southern colonies and West Indies. The culture of this region was especially diverse due to the presence of Dutch, Germans and several other nations. Though some regions of this area were predominantly occupied for religious reasons, a larger portion of this area was colonized for exploiting the natural and material treasures of this land (Remini 21). The Southern colony largely relied on the cultivation of crops and agriculture, with enormous lands reserved for serving this purpose and an enormous workforce requirement. Initially, the workforce comprised largely of indentured servants, which were soon replaced by African slaves. Southern colonies were the first to recognize and institutionalize slavery. Vast social class differences were present in this colony between the natives and the colonists. On the whole, the population of this region was more homogenous than Middle and New England Colonies (Remini 22). Inspite of these differences, all three regions established governance structures based on whether the region was royal, corporate or proprietary. Continuous evolution, colonization and disregard for rules often brought the three colonies into clashes, which eventually

Rogue Trading within Bank Industry about Nick Leeson Research Paper

Rogue Trading within Bank Industry about Nick Leeson - Research Paper Example The research tells that corporate scandals can be of different types and in any kind of corporate scandals generally top executive managements are involved due to personal gains and other biasness. Corporate scandal may include the offences like frauds, insider trading, manipulation of financial statement for misguiding stakeholders, excessive compensation to top executives etc. Among these rogue trading is also a kind of corporate scandal which hurts investors’ interests. Generally, those traders who are authorized by corporate bodies as an employee indulge in such activities. The rogue trader acts as an independent trader in high risk environment. To make huge profits, such traders invest in risky financial instruments like derivatives. Here the potential of losing money is also high. Ethically responsible firms never allow such risky investments considering shareholders’ interest and business sustainability. Since the rogue trading case of Nick Leeson in 1995, there have been several instances of unethical and unauthorized trading that caused billions of losses to shareholders. The persons found to be engaged in rouge trading are charged with severe offences and have to face legal consequences. The rogue traders have taken the investments activities to the level of gambling where along with huge returns, risks are also too high. In most cases rogue traders keep doubling their bets in order to recover the previous losses without considering future consequences. The tricks doubling up the bets are quite common for them for camouflaging the previous losses with higher level of risk as by averaging down, they try to reduce the volatility. In a simpler term, when a

The Family In Sociology

The Family In Sociology Functionalism, an approach which dominated much of twentieth century thinking, sought to explain the family through the vital functions it played as a social institution. George Peter Murdock, a notable American Anthropologist and functionalist, conducted a study in 1949 in where he studied the institution of the family in 250 different societies. He concluded by saying that the family plays four different basic functions which he termed reproductive, educational, sexual and economic. Education was vital in teaching the norms and values of society whilst reproduction produced members for society. The family certainly does not perform these functions exclusively, this perhaps more relevant after the industrial revolution when the family lost many of its functions to new specialized social institutions such as factories, schools and hospitals. However the family still makes important contributions to all of the above functions. Talcott Parsons, a respected American sociologist, also pioneered the functionalist perspective of the family. In addition to serving functions to society as a whole as explained above, it also plays equally vital functions for its individual members. According to Parsons, the family during early years of childhood structures the childs personality and the internalization of societys culture. Taught mainly by the childs parents, the central norms and values of society are internalized into a child to a point where it becomes natural and instinctive. This is the same for every child, and without this internalization, society would not be able to function. An American child for example would grow up with the central idea of independence and a strong motivation to achieve a high status in society as these are the central qualities of American culture. Once this personality is achieved, it must be maintained and this is the second basic function of the family: the stabilization of adult personalities. In order to balance the stress and strains of life found in a busy society, an individual can seek emotional support by his spouse. This function is especially important in Western societies as the nature of the popular nuclear family means that there is no extended family to rely upon for emotional support. Thus the married couple must solely depend on each other. The introduction of a child in a family also allows for the next step in stabilizing the adult personality. Adults can act out childish elements of their own personalities whilst engaging with his or hers child in a activity. This cannot be done in adult society. The points discussed above largely derive from two of the most influential functionalists in the 20th century. However, there work in recent times has come under particular criticism. Critics tend to agree upon the fact that both perspectives offer an unrealistic picture of the family, portraying a couple who unwillingly care for each others every need. Parsons idea of socialization is also dubious as it fails to consider the child who will not conform to his parents values and morals. Parsons and Murdock also both fail to offer functional alternatives to the family unit. As to affirm these criticisms, this functionalist view of the family has not been adopted by other sociologist who favor a more blunt and critical explanation. Friedrich Engles, with his publication of The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State in 1884 developed the first Marxist perspective of the family. He combined an evolutionary approach with Marxism, explaining how at the early stages of evolution, means of production were communally owned and the family as such did not exist. There were no rules to dictate the boundaries of sexual relationships thus society as a whole was the family. However, with the development of the state later in history, restrictions were applied on sexual relationships and on the production of children, reaching the point in where the nuclear family was born. Coinciding with this new unit was the privatization of both property and means of production. These assets were passed down by the male to his heir, and in order to ensure the legitim acy of the link, greater control was placed on women in order to ensure that there was no question about the paternity of the offspring. Summarized by Eagles himself in the original book, It is based on the supremacy of the man, the express purpose being to produce children of undisputed paternity; such paternity is demanded because these children are later to come into their fathers property as his natural heirs. Alternative Marxist perspectives sought to study the role families played in industrial societies. They argued that the capitalist system exploited the free domestic labor of the housewife, seeing childrearing and housework as an essential part of the economy. However the central argument was that the employer only paid for the services of the male breadwinner, securing the housewifes contribution for free. In addition to this, Marxist also saw that the worker was only able to work long hours for his employer as the domestic labor of looking after the children for example was done by the housewife. The housewife, in addition to the above work, also benefited the employer by reproducing potential workers. Expanding upon this idea, families acted as an ideological conditioning device which reproduced ideologies which prop up capitalism. Children are in affect a reflection of their parents in terms of values and behaviors and so uninspiringly follow them into the same work and patterns. Outside of the household, women were seen as a reserve army of labor that could be drawn in when there was a labor shortage and returned home when demand fell. All of these valuable services were provided to the employer for free, with him only having to pay the male breadwinner. The Marxists approach compared with the functionalist idea is much more critical of the family unit, and this trend continues with the feminists perspective. In their book Familiar Exploitation, radical feminists Christine Delphy and Diana Lenoard attached importance in Marxist methodology in explaining the family unit but nevertheless were of the opinion that men, not capitalism, were the main beneficiaries of the exploitation of womens labor in the household. They began their explanation by detailing how they saw the family as an economic system in where men benefit from, and exploit the work of women. They identified several factors that related to the family as an economic system, for example that the family structure typically involves two roles and that the male usually occupies the most important one, head of household, and the women and children are left with being helpers. What makes the role of head of household so important is that he has final say on important decisions and assigns duties to other members of the family. These duties vary according to the status and sex of the person in the family as women for example are usual ly given the task of doing the domestic and reproductive work. The head of household usually has control over finances and spending decisions and this still applies even when the woman is in paid employment. As concluded by Delphy and Leonard, The head of the family may have a near monopoly over, and he always has greater access to and control of, the familys property and external relations. Both of these radical feminists perhaps offer the most comprehensive radical feminist insight into the family unit. They depict a patriarchal and hierarchal structure in where men dominate and receive 57 varieties of unpaid services. It would be wrong to suggest that women are not oblivious to their exploitation but economic and social constraints make it difficult for women to escape from the patriarchal family. However their assumption that all families have a head has earned their work criticism. The data where this theory derived from is also questionable as it is said to be dated, and more contemporary data show in actual fact show less gender inequality in middle class families than in working class families. Both of the above approaches tend to agree on the fact that woman are often exploited by men in family life and in the case of Marxism, also benefit capitalism. As already mentioned, both fail to take into account the variety family life can adopt in various societies and the effect this can have on individuals. Difference feminist ensure that the variety of positions women can find themselves in is central to their argument, taking into account lesbian couples, single parent families and the impact social position and race has on the womans position. Leading difference feminist Linda Nicholson in her book The myth of the traditional family began by defining what is meant by the traditional family. She saw it as the the unit of parents with children who live together, separating it from other kin and emphasized the important bond between husband and wife. This simple image of the family is the one often associated with the nuclear family and it became popular among commentators in th e 1950s. Alternative families to this image however were not regarded with the same esteem but Nicholson rejected this notion, arguing that alternative families offered greater benefits than the nuclear family for the women who live in them. In her particular study, she saw poor black women in the USA at more of an advantage when at the head of the household without men. Reason being was that their tended to be a stronger relationship between other friends and kin which in turn provided support and insurance, helping out families most in need at a particular time. This theory evidently had disadvantages, namely the lack of a father model which is integral for a childs upbringing. However traditional families also share several disadvantages such as the inability of a child to turn to other relatives for help when abused by his parent. Nicholson concluded her work in a very liberal manner, advocating greater choice in individuals choosing their preferred living arrangements according to what best suited them. She disagreed with the distinction between traditional and alternative families, citing that traditional families often give the impression that they have long been the norm whilst this is not true. The summary given above is only one take on the family by a difference feminist among dozens. On the whole however, they all tend to avoid narrowly define the role women play in families and instead show a degree of sensitivity towards different experiences of family life experienced by women of different classes, sexual orientation and ethnicity. It would therefore be fair to say that difference feminists offer the most advance perspective on family life. In order to expand upon the perspectives explored above, various themes must be examined to gain a comprehensive understanding of the family as a unit of social organization. Perhaps the greatest process to have an effect on family life was the advent of industrialization and modernization in the eighteenth century. Modernization refers to the development of social, cultural, economic and political practices and institutions which are thought to be typical of modern societies whilst industrialization refers to the mass production of goods in a factory system which involves some degree of mechanized production technology. Sociologists regard the above factors to be the detrimental reasons responsible for change in Western societies in the early eighteenth century. Embroiled in this was of course the family unit which found problems relating itself to industrialization or modernization. For example, every society experienced the above changes differently with each social institution ef fected in differing ways. This problem was exacerbated by the fact that industrialization and modernization is a developing process, our different culture, politics and society to those of our ancestor evidence of this. The complexity of trying to associate families and industrialization and modernization allows for plentiful confusion among academics as to what a pre-industrial family consist of. Michael Young and Peter Willmott were among those who traced the development of the family from pre-industrial England to contemporary times. Specific to their study, which was published in a book titled The Symmetrical Family in 1973, they traced the changes experienced by the family up to the 1970s. They concluded, using a variety of sources and social surveys, that the family had gone through four main stages. Stage one belonged to the pre-industrial family which was seen as an unit of production consisting mainly of a husband, wife and unmarried children who cooperate as a team. With the advent of industrial revolution however, this form of family became largely extinct with the exception of some farming communities in the nineteenth century. Followed closely after was stage 2 which coincided with the beginning of the industrial revolution and continued throughout the nineteenth century. As discussed earlier, the family lost many of its functions to other social institution and thus ceased to be an unit of production. The nineteenth century witnessed chronic poverty and high unemployment and therefore the family responded by breaking away from the traditional nuclear model into an extended network which included grandparents and grandmothers. This allowed for an insurance policy and someone to rely on in tough times. As with stage 1, stage 2 declined in importance in the twentieth century but still found prominence in low income, working class areas. Finally, and still predominating today according to Young and Willmott, is stage 3 which the two sociologist conducted a large scale social survey in order to prove and later became the basis of their book. Stage 3 saw the return of the nuclear family with the exception of it being now more home centered. Free time was usually spent doing domestic work at home and leisure time allowed parents to play with their children and watch television. Stage 3 witnessed a stronger conjugal bond between husband and wife and a notable self-reliance now associated with the nuclear family. The term used to describe this type of nuclear family is symmetrical family, referring to the now equally shared duty of maintaining the household between two spouses. Radically different to the inequality described above about the allocation of chores and responsibility of finances, couples in stage 3 now share many of the chores and decisions. Many of the above points are open to criticism, especially by feminists who disagree with the concept of the symmetrical family and instead still seeing oppressive inequality between husband and wife. Despite this, Young and Willmott accomplish in tracing the family before, during and after the industrial revolution and the various forms it adopted according to the needs of society. Many criticisimis raised about the sociological prespectives is that they fail to consider other forms family may adopt in society.

Largest Pressure Groups Essay

To what extent are the largest pressure groups the most successful ones? Some pressure groups are more powerful than others as some succeed while others fail. Success in pressure groups is defined by how they affect government policy, their agenda-setting power and how well they can change people’s ideologies. Large groups mean that they have more members. This in turn leads to more donations. Chequebook groups tend to get most of their finance from their members, for example Greenpeace get 90% of their income from their members. This means that large groups tend to be wealthy. Being a wealthy group means that they have financial and economic power. For example, major corporations such as are the main source of employment and investment in the economy so the government will seek their cooperation. For wealthy groups that aren’t business groups will possess financial strength to employ professional lobbyists and public relations consultants. However, it is the wealth not the size of the pressure group that makes them economically powerful and the biggest pressure groups are not always the most economically powerful. The CBI is more economically powerful than TUC despite the TUC having seven million members. This is because although some groups may be small, they can exert influence through their policy expertise and specialist knowledge. Another good part of being a large group is that they can claim to represent public opinion. NSPCC is an example of this as they ensure that their membership levels stay above one million. This means that governments are most likely to listen to them because their members can have an electoral impact. However having good leadership can be a more direct form of influence than having many members. Having a high profile leader, such as Peter Tatchell of OutRage!, can help as they have some political skills, political contacts and have developed media and presentational skills. Lastly, the government’s views are a very important part. A group may very well be large and wealthy, however if the government doesn’t sympathise with their aims, then it will be very difficult for them to influence policy. For example, Greenpeace are very large and wealthy but the government rarely listen to them. In conclusion, there are different factors that determine how successful a pressure group is. However, large groups tend to have a significant amount of wealth, so whether it is the size of the group or other factors that should be accredited to its success can be argued.

Compare and Contrast Plato and Decsartes Essay

Descartes and Plato are two of the most influential thinkers within philosophy. The allegory of the cave and systematic doubt are also two of the most famous concepts within philosophy. Plato at the time of writing the cave allegory was trying to resist the growing influence of the Sophist philosophers who prioritised semantics and rhetoric over truth.1 Descartes by introducing radical scepticism to philosophy was challenging traditional scholastic philosophy which had dominated the philosophy for many centuries. While both pieces of writing are separated by different ages of time and space, they share many similarities as well as fundamental differences. This essay will attempt to compare and contrast these two bodies of work by firstly explaining what is Descartes’ systematic doubt and Plato’s Allegory of the cave before finally examining the similarities and differences between them in the final paragraph of analysis. Descartes in his first meditation introduces the concept of Radical doubt which similarly places suspicion on the senses and the appearance of things. This involves stripping away all one’s beliefs and preconceived notions in order to find the foundational bedrock of knowledge in which all sciences could then grow. Descartes begins his first meditation by casting doubt on all his beliefs, if a belief can be even slightly doubted it must be discarded. He wants to ‘reject as absolutely false anything in which I could imagine the least amount of doubt3’ this is called radical scepticism where all beliefs must be challenged. Through this experiment Descartes conceded that the physical senses are not to be trusted as they have deceived him before, this is known as sensory deception and this revelation forces him to doubt any beliefs about the external world and knowledge that is gathered by the five senses. His examination also reveals that dreams states can be difficult to  distinguish between waking life, this has happened before where he thought he was in bed but wasn’t. Henceforth one cannot truly know if they are awake observing reality or asleep enjoying a dream, this is known as the dream hypothesis. Descartes also uncovers the evil demon hypothesis whereby all external reality observed may be just an illusion that is perpetrated by an evil demon seeking to deceive him, also there is the problem that all previous memories about oneself could simply just be imagination and not grounded in any reality. The system of radical doubt leads Descartes into murky territory where he cannot believe in the existence of anything at all. This thankfully is changed when he discovers the cogito’ I think therefore I am’, his starting point which saves him from uncertainty, allowing him to prove that he exists. In Plato’s allegory of the cave, there are prisoners who are locked up within the depths of a cave. All day long, they are situated in front of a wall and behind them is a fire which reflects shadows on the wall. Unbeknownst to the prisoners, there are puppeteers who use the firelight to reflect shadows of their puppets upon the wall while making noises ‘the truth would be literally nothing but the shadows’. The prisoners are unaware of this illusion and mistakenly believe these shadows are real images. One day, a prisoner is released from his chains and allowed to walk freely about the cave. Although it is confusing for him to see the puppets and fire, he is forced to accept this clearer version of reality and eventually ascents through the cave, spending a day and night under the sun and the stars. As he becomes familiar with the world above, he realises the sun is the giver of light, how it casts shadows and how his prior life in the cave was an entire illusion. This newfound enlightenment Plato remarks will prevent him from ever returning to the life in cave, nor will his old inmates believe him if he tried to free him, instead ‘they would put him to death5’ This intellectual awakening will cause the inmate to grasp the idea of good, the eternal form which will urge him to act ‘rationally in public or private life6’. Ultimately Plato suggests the inmate should return to his old friends and seek to help them. The cave analogy is concerned with the human condition and its’ lack of enlightenment, for Plato the prisoners represent ordinary citizens who hold false beliefs (shadows), reality is dictated to them by their senses (appearance of things) allowing them to be easily manipulated. Ignorance is then symbolised by darkness and the  intellect and reason is symbolised by the light. The journey of the inmate from darkness to light is a metaphor for education which allows one to progress from the ignorance in the depths of the cave to the intellectual plains of the enlightened one in the outside world. The outer world symbolises true knowledge, the realisation of eternal forms while the cave again illustrates the world of appearance and false beliefs, Woozley writes ‘most men without knowing it live in this shadow world’9 The cave analogy and Descartes systematic doubt have much in common. Both are concerned with the illusory nature of the senses and external reality, for Plato people place too much emphasis on the senses, on the appearance of things as illustrated in by the shadows on the wall, this leads them to hold false beliefs and to be easily misled, only by entering the realm of thought can people free themselves by gaining knowledge and becoming enlightened. Descartes through the systematic doubt also maintains that external reality cannot be truly known; the sensory deception and evil demon hypothesis cast doubt on the authenticity of the outside world. Indeed the evil demon hypothesis is an almost identical scenario to that of the prisoners whose sensory per ception is distorted by the shadow wielding puppeteers. Only through the mind or intellect can an individual overcome the illusory nature of the senses, it allows the prisoner to access the outside world to gain enlightenment and help his fellow inmates while for Descartes the mind by way of the cogito is the one thing that cannot be doubted which through it allows him prove the existence of the outside world in his later meditations. The cave is an analogy which illustrates how people can possess false consciousness and how through reason and knowledge one can overcome this while systematic doubt is an instruction on how to discard false beliefs, the ascent through the cave into the intellectual world is the finishing point for Plato while the cogito for Descartes is a starting point for further investigation. The two authors also differ on the type of philosophy employed in their argument. Plato insists that after the ascent , the prisoner will experience the idea of the good ‘ the lord of light in the visible world, and the immediate source of reason and truth in the intellectual’10 the good then is the highest point of knowledge and represents Plato’s philosophy of perfect types or forms known as idealism, Descartes through highlighting the sensory, dream and demon hypothesis  illustrates how the external world cannot be relied upon as a basis for true knowledge, but the cogito is a start ing point, the attempt to find secure beliefs that allow a foundation for further knowledge to be rested upon is known as Foundationalism which is credited to Descartes. In conclusion, both Descartes and Plato in their attempts to challenge the prevailing doctrine of their respective times introduced two of the most influential concepts in the world of Philosophy. Descartes through his examination of systematic doubt uncovers the limitations of the physical senses in acquiring knowledge and introduces further challenges to understanding external reality with the dream, memory and evil demon hypothesis. Only through the mind alone can one grasp the nature of reality starting with the cogito. Likewise Plato is concerned with the appearance of things, how the senses can deceive us and humanity like the inmates in the cave can live in a state of ignorance or darkness if they don’t use the power of the mind to acquire knowledge and reason. Only through using the intellect can humanity gather true knowledge and escape the darkness in the cave. For both the intellect is the only means for gathering true knowledge, the senses are illusory. Descartes s ystematic doubt and cogito provide the foundational starting point for the sciences while the cave allegory offers advocates a way of life for humanity to feign the world of ignorance and seek true knowledge so that those who acquire it will return to the cave and help their fellow man. Works Cited: Annas, Julias. An Introduction to Plato’s’ Republic. New York: Oxford University Press Cottingham, John. Descartes: Meditations on First Philosophy. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013 Cottingham, John. Ed. Ray Monk. Descartes’ Philosophy of Mind. London: Phoenix Publishers, 1997 Plato. The Allegory of the cave. Week 5 Handout Woozley, Anthony. Plato’s Republic: A philosophical commentary. London: MacMillan Publishers, 1989

NATO From Creation to Current Status

NATO From Creation to Current Status Abstract The paper discusses NATO which is a major military alliance among European States, the US and Canada. It highlights the historical context, which led to the formation of NATO. The history of the alliance is broken down into three major phases: the Cold War era, the Post Cold War, and the Post 9/11.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on NATO: From Creation to Current Status specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The paper reviews how NATO reinvented itself following the collapse of the Soviet Union and embarked on a successful enlargement process. The various issues that have faced the organization since its creation are discussed and its future estimated. The paper concludes by noting that NATO is a relevant security apparatus today and still serves as the best instrument for combating the security threats of the 21st century. Introduction The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is rightfully regarded as the world s most powerful military alliance. The organization was founded in 1949 with the primary objective of protecting Western Europe and the US from Soviet aggression. The alliance was able to successfully achieve this goal and additionally ensure that no military rivalries emerge in the region. Following the end of the Cold War, the Soviet threat was neutralized and the alliance had to reinvent itself in order to remain relevant. It did this by expanding its role and increasing its membership. This paper will set out to provide a detailed research of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization with focus given to the creation and purpose of this alliance. A review of how the organization has expanded over the years and the role it has played will be provided to demonstrate that NATO is still a valid security apparatus in world today. Origins of NATO A significant outcome of the World War II was the emergence of the United States of America and the Soviet Union as the two world super powers. While these countries had fought as allies in the war, their political differences pitted them against each other in the postwar years. There was concern that the Soviet Union would make use of her considerable power to influence politics in Europe (Trachtenberg, 1999). The weakened postwar Europe would not be able to resist this Soviet threat. The US proposed to help bolster West Europe’s military capability by the formation of an alliance. NATO, therefore, began as a mutual defense pact among ten Western European countries, the US and Canada.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These twelve countries signed the Washington Treaty on April 4, 1949 in which they committed themselves to a mutual defense pact (Cornish, 2004). The treaty bound the member states and an attack on any member was to evoke a response from all members. NATOs history can be divided into three distinct phases: the Cold War period, the decade following the end of the Cold War, and the current phase, which began with the terrorist attacks on the US on September 11, 2011. Cold War Era At the time of NATO’s formation, the Western Europe was a divided region still struggling to recover from the devastating effects of the just ended the World War II. While a Western European defense organization would have been preferred, the participation of the US was seen as crucial since it was the only country with enough military might to counter the USSR. Trachtenberg (1999) observes that this alliance was a long-term American commitment to Western Europe’s security. Over time, this treaty turned into an organization with a political council and regular meetings being held by the allied foreign and defense ministers. This transformation into a full-fledged organization increased the influence and strength of the Treaty. In its early years of existence, NATOs role was primarily to p revent an attack against the territory of its member countries by the formidable Soviet Union and her allies. Seroka (2007) best articulates this point by documenting that the North Atlantic Treaty Organization was originally designed to deal with a primary threat from international communism on the European continent. West Germany joined NATO in 1955 and this strengthened the capability of the alliance in Europe since Germany had the manpower necessary to resist a conventional invasion by Soviet forces. This move precipitated the formation of the Warsaw Pact by the Soviet Union and her East European allies. The alliances nuclear capability provided by the United States, which served as deterrence, was the main tool used to prevent an attack from the Soviet Union. However, NATO also adopted a strategy of flexible response and envisaged the use of conventional warfare before engaging in a nuclear confrontation. Even so, Minuto-Rizzo (2007) reiterates that nuclear weapons were at the core of the alliances strategy and nuclear deterrence was the principle means of preventing a Soviet led attack on any of the member states. Since both sides (East and West Europe) knew the cost of a nuclear confrontation, the use of force to advance political aims was effectively excluded in the Cold War Europe.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on NATO: From Creation to Current Status specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Post – Cold War Period The end of the Cold War in 1989 was significant for NATO. Many political analysts forecasted that the alliance could be disbanded safely since the main aggressor in Europe had dissipated. In addition to this, the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact, which had been an alliance of East European nations formed to counter NATO, had already occurred. However, this did not happen since NATO member states did not want to get rid of the alliance because of the numerous advantages they were enjoying because of their cooperation. Minuto-Rizzo (2007) observes that the transatlantic framework that allowed all countries -big and small- to make their voices heard, to seek common solutions, and to train their forces together was too precious an asset to be squandered (p.3). Many member countries of the former Warsaw Pact also expressed interest in joining NATO in order to enjoy the advantages of the permanent transatlantic framework for consultation and cooperation. NATO, therefore, had to reorient itself to embrace the newly emerging democracies in Central and Eastern Europe. NATO was able to develop new strategic concepts to incorporate new members and reorganize its military structures following the disappearance of the existential threat provided by the Soviet Union (Noetzel Schreer, 2009). It adopted a policy of partnership and opened its doors for new members from Central and Eastern Europe. The alliance also began to engage Russia: a move that was seen as integr al to realizing the goals of an undivided Europe. The creation of the Permanent Joint Council (PJC) in 1997 is the most visible indication of an attempt to formalize the relationship between NATO and Russia. Labarre (2001) affirms that the PJC gave Russia a voice in NATO for the first time in history. The post Cold War era also saw NATO for the first time in its history engaging in military action outside the territory of its member countries. This engagement came about because of the conflicts in the Balkans. NATO provided military support at the request of the United Nations and helped to pacify the Balkans. The alliance engaged in the deployment of peacekeeping forces in the region to sustain peace. Post 9/11 Era The third major phase in NATOs existence came about following the September 11 terrorist attacks. On September12, 2001, NATO invoked Article 5 of the Washington Treaty, which instructs that, An attack against one is an attack against all. Minuto-Rizzo (2007) observes tha t 9/11 made it clear to NATO allies that their major threats no longer emanated from Europe, as had been the case during the Cold War. The new threats came from outside the continent in the form of international terrorism, failing states, and the threat of weapons of mass destruction.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The realities of 9/11 demonstrated to NATO the weakness of the traditional geographical approach to security that had been utilized for decades. This security approach had been effective when the potential threat emanated from the Soviet Union. International terrorism could not be countered using the same strategy and NATO had to be prepared to engage enemy forces at their source. NATO Transformation Originally, a regional security pact designed to protect Western Europe from a Soviet threat, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization has reinvented and transformed itself into an international security force with missions to combat international terrorism, prevent weapons proliferations, and provide for Europes security (Seroka, p.25). The last decade has seen a significant enhancement of NATOs military capabilities. The NATO Heads of State and Government summit in Prague, 2002, articulated the need for radical changes in the alliance’s military command structure. This military t ransformation begun with the establishment of one strategic command based in Europe to oversee all aspects of NATOs operations. Another strategic command base was established in the US to advance the military aspects of transformation. While NATO no longer faces the threat that led to its formation (the Soviet Union) it has continued to grow in the years following the collapse of the USSR. International terrorism has been the most significant issue addressed by NATO. Despite the fact that international terrorism does not present a strategic threat to NATO countries, it presents a real danger to security in the event that such elements could gain access to weapons of mass destruction. A significant change in NATOs strategic doctrine following the end of the Cold War has been a loss of influence by the United States. American dominance within NATO has been a reality since the beginning of the alliance. Noetzel and Schreer (2009) observe that the US set the terms of NATOs formation and the country continued to play a leading role in its institutional development. This has changed and member states of the alliance today are more vocal about their opposition to the US policies. This is evident from the stance taken by Germany and France concerning the war in Iraq. NATOs role has also expanded to include global interventionism. Wolff (2009) states that this radical change means that the alliance can be called upon to use its resources to maintain peace treaties or engage in combat to overthrow a government or hunt down terrorists. NATO Enlargement NATO has also pursued an aggressive policy of expansion over the last two decades. Enlargement serves the double purpose of strengthening European ties while at the same time broadening NATOs influence in the world. Enlargement of NATO is made possible by Article 10 of the Washington Treaty which allows for the admission of new members. According to Article 10, â€Å"any decision to invite a country to join the Alliance i s taken by the North Atlantic Council, NATOs principal decision-making body, on the basis of consensus among all Allies† (NATO, 2012). NATO membership has increased to 28 countries mostly because of the open door policy to European countries. Bosnia and Herzegovina are engaged in the Membership Action Plan, which is a precursor to attaining full membership, and can be expected to join the organization in the near future. NATOs expansion process has been very successful and it has achieved remarkable outcomes. Seroka (2007) suggests that the expansion has not jeopardized relations with Russia, nor led to the remilitarization of the continent or increased tensions between member states on the European continent. On the contrary, NATOs enlargement has led to modernization, standardization and increased the democratic control within the individual armed forces of its member states. The large-scale enlargement efforts of post Cold War NATO have turned the organization into an inclu sive European-wide organization committed to democracy and positioned to eliminate, almost entirely, the possibility of inter-state conflict within Europe. However, Russia has reacted angrily to NATOs post Cold War expansions that have been viewed as deliberate actions to increase the Western sphere of influence at Moscow’s expense (Goldgeier, 2009). Noetzel and Schreer (2009) note that article 10 of the North Atlantic Treaty, which limits new members to European territory places an important limitation on NATOs expansion (p.217). Because of this statute, the organization has been unable to accommodate willing partners from other continents. Seroka (2007) reveals that some of the allies led by the US hope to amend this in order to include members from all over the world and therefore guarantee NATO world-wide influence. These advocates see alliance with non-European democracies as crucial in a globalizing world. However, most members are concerned that such an expansion might dilute the alliances transatlantic character. NATO Issues Despite its significant successes, NATO has had some issues in the course of its existence. In its early years, the most serious crisis for NATO came in the form of Frances threat to withdraw from the Alliance. In March 1966, French President Charles de Gaulle announced that French forces would be withdrawn from the integrated military command of the NATO (Trachtenberg, 1999). This withdrawal was in retaliation to what was seen by Paris as an ever-growing dominance by the US within the organization (Noetzel Schreer, 2009). However, the ever-present threat of a Soviet attack prompted NATO members to resolve their conflicts and continue working together for a common defense. The internal cohesion of NATO has also been affected by the establishment of another security player in Europe. The European Defense and Security Policy (EDSP), which was created in 1999, undermined and threatened the future cohesion of NATO. While the ES DP was supposed to be complementary to NATOs capabilities, its objectives which are to provide military assistance to the EU states have undermined the importance of the Atlantic alliance. In response to the attractiveness of the ESDP, this body was incorporated into the larger framework of the European Union’s Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). Some observers see the ESDP as a move by European nations to create a competing security apparatus and therefore re-nationalize their security by diminishing the US role in European security and defense affairs (Noetzel Schreer, 2009). The reactions by NATO following 9/11 were also divisive to its political cohesion. Following 9/11, the US pursued a more assertive stance on how NATO should be utilized to counter the new threats. To begin with, the US declared war on terrorism; a call that was supported by her NATO allies. While all the allies offered to support the US in its fight against international terrorism, the US admin istration chose not to give NATO a large role in the combat operation against the Taliban. Most European allies saw this as an indication that the US did not perceive the alliance to be of primary value in its efforts to shape the changing global security order (Noetzel Schreer, 2009). Another cause of contention in NATO was the US-led war against Iraq in 2003. From the onset, major European allies such as Germany and France opposed the war. However, the US went ahead and waged this controversial war. The political and military campaign against Saddam Hussein highlighted significant divisions between the US and some of her European allies. Cornish (2004) documents that those deep divisions almost led to the collapse of NATO. The Bush administration, which had called on the war against Saddam, was accused of using NATO as an instrument of US foreign policy. This is because the US expected uncritical political and military support for the invasion of Iraq from its allies. The allianc e also suffers from a lack of commitment by all the members to consign troops to dangerous missions. This is evident from the war in Afghanistan where the US maintains the largest contingent. Most NATO countries have been unable to achieve the political support needed to send their troops to fight the Taliban. Goldgeier (2009) states that this reality has led to a two-tiered alliance comprising of those who are willing to fight, and those who are not. The recent years have seen an increase in divergence of interests within the organization. This has led some commentators to predict that the alliance is on the path to disintegration and, ultimately, its failure (Noetzel Schreer, 2009). This bleak reality is not the only possible future of NATO and provided the key challenges that the alliance faces are addressed, the future of the alliance is guaranteed. Discussion and Conclusion NATO remains to be a unique and invaluable alliance that continues to function as a reliable tool for mu ltilateral military cooperation. The alliance is today engaged on several continents, under different capacities. This underscores the transformation that NATO has undergone since its formation in 1948. While some commentators argued that NATO had outlived its usefulness following the disappearance of the Soviet threat to Western Europe, the alliance has flourished and played a useful role in the past 2 decades. Most notably, it has countered ethnic abuses in the former Yugoslavia and is involved in efforts to counter Islamic terrorists in Afghanistan. This paper is set out to discuss NATOs progress from its formation to today. It began by providing the historical context that made NATO necessary. It then articulated the three distinctive phases in NATOs history, which are the Cold War era, the Post Cold War, and the Post 9/11. The paper has revealed how the changes in the security environment have obliged NATO to transform itself and engage actively well beyond the territories of i ts members. NATO has evolved from the defensive entity, it was and it finds itself increasingly acting as a proactive risk manager. This alliance of transatlantic countries originally built to counter Soviet attack still presents the best instrument for combating the threats of the 21st century. References Cornish, P. (2004). NATO: the practice and politics of transformation. International Affairs, 80(1), 63-74. Goldgeier, J. (2009). NATOs future: facing old divisions and new threats. Harvard International Review, 23(2), 48-51. Labarre, F. (2001). NATO-Russia relations and NATO enlargement in the Baltic Sea Region. Baltic Defense Review, 6(1), 46-69. Minuto-Rizzo, A. (2007). NATO’s Transformation and New Partnerships: The Mediterranean. Mediterranean Quarterly, 18(3), 1-13. NATO (2012). NATO enlargement. Retrieved from https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_49212.htm. Noetzel, T., Schreer, B. (2009). Does a multi-tier NATO matter? The Atlantic alliance and the process o f strategic change. International Affairs, 85(2), 211–226. Seroka, J. (2007). Security considerations in the Western Balkans: NATOs evolution and expansion. East European Quarterly, 41(1), 25-38. Trachtenberg, M. (1999). A Constructed Peace: The Making of the European Settlement 1945-1963. Princeton University Press, 1999. Wolff, A. T. (2009). The structural and political crisis of NATO transformation. Journal of Transatlantic Studies, 7(4), 476492.

Dock Line Terms and Best Practices for Securing Your Boat

Dock Line Terms and Best Practices for Securing Your Boat Plenty of poorly secured boats have floated away from the dock after a shift in weather or tide. It happens to everyone once, but after the first time, youll want to learn the basics. To understand how to tie a boat up securely, you need to understand basic boat architecture and terms. These are quite basic, so most of you may already know many of these terms. However, it never hurts to review them. Lets start with the two basic lines that hold each boat to the tying fixtures on the dock. If you are tying to a buoy then you want to review mooring basics since our current discussion is about tying to docks. Bow Line The bow line runs from a cleat or chock and over the forward gunwale, where the line should be fitted with a chafe guard. The line is then finally secured to the tying fixture on the dockside which could be a cleat, bollard, post, or ring. The knot required will vary according to the tie point. Stern Line The stern line is attached to the stern tying fixture that is closest to the dock. Securing the stern from the outboard tying fixture or a central bit is not recommended since it will be more difficult to retain tension. A chafe guard can also be used here, but the stern line moves over the gunwale much less than at the bow. In situations where the boat is in a slip or berth, then the second set of lines is attached to hold the boat in a central position. Lines should be tied tightly unless a spring line is used. Spring Lines A single spring line makes a boat much more secure, so its highly recommended. There are two types of spring lines: forward springs and aft springs. The name of a spring line refers to which direction it is traveling when leaving the boat. So a forward spring travels from the stern forward from one-half to one-third of the vessel length before being secured to the dock. The forward spring brings the stern of the boat close to the face wall by pulling forward. An aft spring line travels from the bow or forward gunwale back to the dock with a length about half the length of the vessel. An aft spring is best rigged after a forward spring to keep tension even throughout all lines. Spring lines are useful to keep winds that are parallel to the dock from pulling the vessel away from its position. Tides and Tying There are plenty of devices of various qualities made to secure boats against tidal forces, but your regular dock lines will do the job if you know how to rig them correctly. Bow and stern lines need to be long enough to slack and keep the vessel from pulling the tying fixtures free. In some cases, boats can sink from poor tidal planning, so be careful and check the tide charts for your area. Spring lines will keep the vessel in position horizontally as long as they are set to the correct length, which should be barely tight at low tide.

Virtual Perceptorship Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Virtual Perceptorship Nursing - Essay Example From the study, notable findings were that; over the study period, women above 35 years increased their rate of delivery by over 84 % while for women above 40 years, their deliveries increased by over 100%; The prevalence of smoking in women decreased from 32.7% in 1988 to below 25.1% in 2001; prevalence of women below 20 years remained almost the same during the study period at 50%; there was an increase in the proportion of women with a pre pregnancy weight gain of over 90 kilograms over the study period; There was a also an increase in proportion of women with a pregnancy weight gain over the study period. Finally, nulliparity increased significantly over the study period. From the study, the research team concluded that, dramatic changes have occurred in maternal characteristics in Nova Scotia, over the years between 1988 and 2001. From the foreseen changes, it is evident that these changes are on-going. The research team also concluded that, if these maternal characteristics con tinue changing into the future, it is going to affect perinatal health and obstetric practice. This is because; maternal characteristics are known indices of obstetric practice, perinatal mortality and morbidity (Bianco, 1996). Research Critique This research has been done proficiently and effectively. The time period that the research team used was sufficient enough to attain the necessary results and possible conclusions. The study was conducted on Nova Scotia women in a time period of 14 years. This long period of time chosen has made the research proficient in the sense that it gave the research team sufficient time to analyze the chosen maternal characteristics which are useful indices of obstetric practice and perinatal care. Another factor that has made the research proficient is that women chosen were of varying age groups. This has enabled the research team to avoid bias in their findings since one finding may be characteristic of a particular age group and not the other. For example, smoking prevalence was assessed in women below 20 years and those above 35 years. It was found that the prevalence did not change much over the 14 year period in women below 20 years while it increase d tremendously in women above 35 years. The data of the study is reliable and this has ensured that the findings are consistent with the available data. The representative sample chosen was women in Nova Scotia who had given birth between 1988 and 2001. The data was obtained from the Nova Scotia Atlee Perinatal Database (NSAPD), a reputable organization that has for years collected accurate data on births in Nova Scotia since 1988. Its personnel are well trained so that there are no errors during data collection exercises. As a result of this, findings on the study are highly accurate and up to date, and they represent the reality on the ground. The reported findings from the study in Nova Scotia are consistent with information available on the subject matter. More recently, studies in western countries indicate that maternal characteristics are changing, and this trend is worrying health care experts (Edwards, 1996). For example, pre pregnancy weight gain has been observed to incre ase in various women, and this is worrying because adverse weight gains in pregnancy are associated with adverse birth outcomes. Recent findings assert that

Aboriginal studies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Aboriginal studies - Research Paper Example Natives of the South -- southeast and southwest -- lived somewhat similar and different social environments and had their own unique means of using, controlling, and changing their inhabitation. Bonds of social set up were so strong that the Southern natives did not loose hold of their social and cultural identity while adapting to the ways of modern agriculture. In the matter of practicing refined ways of cultivation, the natives of southeast followed comparatively advanced methods of farming than their counterparts. The theme of religion in its purest form of following rituals and in the wider perspective of believing in the existence of God was pervasive in all functions of life. There were cultural differences as well as similarities as based on the geographical distribution of land that culminated in their choice of practicing different professions other than farming but natives of South believed in the oneness of all human beings on the spiritual grounds. Natives had a sharp se nse of the natural cycle and practiced different modes of livelihood to save themselves from the vagaries of nature. Before comparing the environmental and social organization of the natives of southeast and southwest, it is logical to know the physical boundaries that divided them. The Southeast culture area is the semi-tropical region that extends from the Atlantic Ocean Westward to way ahead of Trinity River in today’s Texas, and from the Gulf of Mexico towards north following different latitudes through the modern states of Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Missouri, Kentucky, West Virginia, Maryland, Virginia and North Carolina. The Southwest aboriginal culture has its expansion from the southern corners of modern times Utah and Colorado south via Arizona and New Mexico, including Texas, California, and Oklahoma, into Mexico. This physical division of both regions creates curiosity to compare the social and environment organization of both the regions. According to Charles Hudson,

Movie report Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Report - Movie Review Example Thereby to deserve the white paternalism of Matt Drayton, he should better be perfect in all other ways. He should not come out as being someone who justifies the white fear of a Black loser out to exploit an innocent white woman. The other surprising thing is that almost all the Black characters in the movie are tacitly obsequious towards the white characters, seeming totally unaffected by the black rage imbuing the times in which this movie was made and released. The only Black rage one comes across in the movie is the Black rage aimed at a Black, as that of Dr. Prentices against his father. Moreover, in the climax it is Matt Drayton, the evident liberal representative of the white race in the movie, who is shown as giving the final verdict. Obviously he is asserting a white definition of assimilation, in which the colored subject should be willing to dilute one’s personal notions of racial identity. The ludicrous thing is that the movie ends with a very liberal redefinition of the American family, both white and Black family members having a good time at the dinner table. Perhaps, nobody cares to notice that this new version of the ideal American family is being served dinner by a Black maid, a stock, hackneyed and stereotypical white idea of Black

Expository Essay Essay Example for Free

Expository Essay Essay #3 focusing on the importance of the past and how ‘The Kite Runner’ shows no matter how deeply it might be buried, it finds a way to re-surfacing Have you ever tried to run away from your past? And did it work for you? Well in the book we learn that a lot of characters try to run away from their past, for instance Baba hiding the fact that Hassan is also his son or when Amir witnessed Hassan being raped. They all tried to run away from their past but it all caught up with them in the end, like Amir said â€Å"My past was like that always turning up†. There is no way to hide from your past, whether you try to run away from it or bury it as deep as you can because the past always claws it way out. An example could be Amir trying to forget that he was a bystander to Hassan’s rape. He tried to forget everything, delete everything that happened about that night. ‘But even though life goes on memories remain forever’. He lied about Hassan stealing his watch and money thought chasing Ali and Hassan away might help him forget or ease his pain . When he received that phone call from Rahim Khan saying there is a way to be good again, he knew that it was time for him to face his fear. Going back to Kabul frightened him, he was about to face his deepest fear, everything in Kabul changed it was not the same. He wanted to make his father proud and be the brave man his father expected and longed for, just like Hassan. Sometimes it’s not always our guilt that forbids us to forget but the judgement of people in our community. When she ran away with her older boyfriend and moved in with him, she was seen as a disgraceful girl with no respect in the Afghan community. Soraya status is later restored when she gets married to Amir who’s a much respected man in the afghan community. Sometimes keeping a secret could be the cause of our death. In Baba case we learn that the cause o his death could be keeping the secret that Hassan was his son. When his diagnosed with cancer he refuses the treatment, possibly because he has accepted that was his punishment for his ‘sin’. On the end Baba dies as a tortured soul. Furthermore we learn that we the past cannot be forgotten or ignored but we can make peace with it. The kite runner illustrates that we learn from our mistakes which helps to be better people and more accepting of others. Like Amir said,’for the first time since the winter of 1975 I felt at peace†¦ Healed at last ‘.

A Review of the Federally Subsidized Greenbelt Construction Project :: City Planning Public Administration

A Review of the Federally Subsidized Greenbelt Construction Project In 1935, the Resettlement Administration undertook the Greenbelt construction project which was to serve three major purposes: 1. Provide useful employment for thousands of jobless workers who were hit hard by the Great Depression 2. Demonstrate a new type of community planning, combining city conveniences with many advantages of rural life 3. Demonstrate better utilization of land in suburban areas (Walker 16). In this project, I would like to discuss some of the aspects of the construction, including the labor and materials used, as well as some economic and safety concerns. Keep in mind that these factors continually intertwine in the construction business and many times it is hard to discretely separate the roles played by each factor in individual design decisions. Safety was, indeed, a major concern of the designers. After all, this project was to provide housing for citizens who had already suffered through the Great Depression, and Roosevelt agreed to this project because it would provide a "Utopia" for the stricken citizens. Certainly, safety should be pretty high on the list of "Utopia" ingredients. Designers felt that a special effort would have to be made to ensure safety because they had some disturbing statistics on their minds. In 1922, 100 lives were lost when the Knickerbocker Theater building collapsed in Washington. This tragedy was caused by a weak structure and surely could have been prevented by stricter building codes. Additionally, fire caused a major threat. According to the Bureau of Census, 7,874 lives were lost in 1935 due to inhalation and burns, the majority of which occurred in homes (Thompson 95). Many of the homes in America at that time were old and dilapidated like the one in the picture. As you can imagine, a home like this would be a definite fire hazard. In order to address these safety issues, the Greenbelt homes were built to rigid building code standards. Fire resistive materials were used as much as possible. These materials included brick veneer, asbestos shingles, and cinder block. Note that in 1935, asbestos was not known to be hazardous to one's health. In fact, only positive qualities for this material are mentioned in the Kidder-Parker Architects' and Builders' Handbook. Under "Asbestos Siding and Roofing Shingles", it states: "because of incombustibility, low coefficient of expansion, and low heat-conductivity, asbestos products will withstand high temperatures without disintegration or loss of strength" (Parker 923).

Young Marriage

When I was a child, I used to play Barbie dolls with my sister. We spent hours playing and goofing around without having to think about life's difficulties and how things can be complicated by the time we were adults. At the early age of 17, I got married and it is a fact that â€Å"early marriage is not characterized only by happiness† (Lamanna & Riedmann, 2005, p. 225). I somehow overcame the obstacles and hardships in my life and I consider this as a significant accomplishment. The story of my life started when I left my parent's house when I was only 17. I lived with my boyfriend without the permission of my parents. Naturally, they disapproved of it and arranged for us to get married. It was a difficult decision to make, as I was only a high school sophomore at that time. In the beginning, everything was going as planned and I thought that being married was easy but this changed only after a couple of days. After time, we lost our jobs and had no money enough to pay our bills or even eat. We were not able to ask for support from our parents because when we first got married, they indicated that they would not give financial support. When my husband found a job, he spent his time going to bars after work and came home in the morning drunk. This became something that we argued about. I then decided to drop out of school because of the many problems at home. After six months, I got pregnant but I had a miscarriage during the third month. I believed that this happened probably because of all the problems I was encountering with my husband. By that time we moved in to a new home and our lives were starting to get better, I got pregnant again. My daughter was born premature and weighed only one pound. She had to stay in the hospital for three weeks before we were able to take her home. Overtime, she developed and grew into a very healthy and beautiful child. I decided to finish high school at home last year. At this time, I am interested in pursuing a Bachelor of Arts in Criminal Justice. My husband and I have been married for eight years now and everything is going well, as he is also working for one of the largest construction companies in Chicago. We are planning to buy a new house this year. I am also pleased to report that our parents became very proud of us and the things that we have achieved. In summary, early marriage is not an easy thing especially when parents decide to let you be on your own. Couples have to work hard in order to make the marriage last. After all the obstacles that my husband and I went through, I believe that they are all worth it especially when our daughter says that we are the best parents in the whole world.

India Student

With his better economic situation, the Indian Families are using to pay for this international opportunity of education. The propose of this survey it is to check where's now the most popular destiny for the Indians Students. A few years ago used to be Australia, But now The Indians are choosing other Destinies. India Aspects Republic of India is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-lorgnette's by area, the second-most populous country with over 1. Billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the out-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sir Lankan and the Maldives; in addition, Indian's Madman and Nicolai Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilization mos tly in present day Pakistan and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four religions-?Hinduism, Buddhism, Jansenism, and Schism-?originated here, whereas Judaism, Zoroastrian, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture.Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 1 8th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-1 9th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi. The Indian economy is the world's tenth- largest by nominal GAP and third-largest by purchasing power parity . Following market-based economic reforms in 1 991 India became one of the fastest-growing major economies; it is considered a newly industria lized country.However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, inadequate public healthcare, and terrorism. A nuclear weapons state and a regional power, it has the third- largest standing army in the world and ranks ninth in military expenditure among nations. India is a federal constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary systematizing of 29 states and 7 union territories. India is a pluralistic, multilingual, and a multi-ethnic society. It is also home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats.Economic facts related with the grow number of Students Be it the US, 1-K, Australia or New Zealand, the number of Indian students going to study overseas has risen tremendously. According to Ministry of Overseas Affairs, demand for overseas higher education is increasing with over 2. 64 lack Indian students, who have gone abroad for studies, spending approximately about RSI 27,000 core (55. 5 billion) every year. With the Indi an economy growing at 7 percent annually, jobs are being created in India and he middle class is growing.Inevitably, this is leading to an increased level of prosperity, thereby increasing the affordability of an expensive overseas education, and dramatically increasing the career aspirations of a growing number of Indians. This coupled with a weakened US dollar, Australian dollar and UK sterling pound is driving a growth in the overseas education market. According to Ministry of Overseas Affairs, out of 264,324 students gone abroad, maximum of 104,522 are in the US followed by over 97,035 in Australia, 25,905 in the UK and over 6,040 in New Zealand. International Student EnrolmentsUnited Kingdom, Canada, United States, Australia and New Zealand; This countries have the half of the world international education's consumption. With the follow analysis we are going to see the current trends into three of those countries revising important data from the last reported five years, defini ng which nation is the main overseas education's consumer and finally show the particular case of Australia and its trends. The graphic is about the quantity of rolled students that came to Australia, Canada And New Zealand from 2008 to 2012 per year.Table 1 Graphic 1 The data shows that Australia still has the major number of students impairing with the Key competitors. The Mean number of overseas students enrolled in this 3 countries shows that Australia Still have the major quantity of students. Table 2 MEAN: Australia 573,6 Canada 21 New Zealand 95,9 2. – Main Nationalities Enrolled and the insane Students destiny Being into the details we can see where the students came from. And its is going to be more easy to understand the grow or the degree of the number of Indian students.Table 3 2008 2009 2010 201 1 2012 Country % OF Total China 23. 4 24. 5 27. 1 28. 6 29 did 62 3. 1 India 10. 5 Korea 6. 5 5. 7 5. 4 Thailand 4. 1 4. 2 Vietnam 4. 4. 4 Malaysia 3. 9 Nepal 4 India 5. 5 hind 6. 1 :hind China 30. 4 15. 4 13. 2 113 India 9. 9 10. 9 USA 6. 6 5. 6 8 9. 1 7. 2 France 4. 8 4. 9 Arabia 4. 5 5. 3 5 4. 6 23. 1 22 23. 7 26. 3 19 16. 6 12. 6 12. 2 Japan 11. 8 10. 1 11. 7 12. 5 10. 7 Europe 9. 7 9. 5 9. 8 SEAN 10. 3 8. 5 9 9. 6 9. 4 Graphic 2 Graphic 3 Graphic 4 As we can see, Australia has been lost the umber of Indian Students.Canada Shows that the country has the biggest growing the percentage of Indian Students, and New Zealand has been growing in a slow ways as also. â€Å"According to Fuller, the percentage of Indian students enrolling in New Zealand institutes has increased nearly 300 % in the last six years. In 1 998, only 150 Indian students enrolled. This figure rose to 2159 in 2002, and 7,263 new enrolments in 2008 and 9521 in 2009 . Nearest Galatia, CEO of oceanic Consultants, opines that Kiwi land offers the best and affordable education under the safest environment and an easy permanent residency.This is driving the growth of higher education in New Zealand from overseas students. The soaring numbers suggest that the economic downturn has not affected everyone. Says Nearest Galatia, â€Å"Both Australia and New Zealand offer safe learning environment with excellent study opportunities and support services for international students. Academic institutions in both the countries are world class and recognized globally. New Zealand enjoys a 20 per cent cost advantage over Australia which can make a huge difference in these tough times. Why the Indian Students are deciding for other countries? Despite the last facts that occurred in Australia, some Indian Students are choosing for other destinies. In the article from BBC News we can see that in Australia has been occurring a lot of racism acts against South Asian people. And the principal complain its because the students affirm that the Australia government do not punish racism acts how it suppose to do. â€Å"Indian students are going through a rough time at the moment.I witnessed the Harris Park episode [the scene of one attack]. The student was ready to give a statement, but the police didn't record it as he had failed to get the registration number of the attackers' car. Police are patrolling Harris Park and helicopters are also being used. Many people comment that it is waste of taxpayers' money. But they do not understand that these students pay hefty fees and taxes, more so than the whinnying locals. Victorian police says that the Indians attract attackers by flaunting their pods and laptops.But every second person has pods and laptops, so why do these attacks happen only to Indian people? Education is the third largest export of Australia. If the government cannot ensure the safety of the students who pay the fees, then they should give up the education trade† Paul Parkas, a manager in the telecoms industry, decided to return to India after feeling he was bullied by his Australian colleagues. † Before going to Australia lived and worked in Saudi Arabia, Holland and all major cities of India, but got the worst work place experience from Australia.My employer and management were very supportive but my colleagues hated me and bullied me. They created an unbearable environment just because got the highest I don't think it's a race problem. If it was, people from Africa and the Middle East would be affected too. The root cause of all this is the sudden rise Of the number Of Indian people in all levels Of society. Middle-aged Australians are worried about losing their jobs to young and educated immigrants from India. The government should be tough on people who spread hatred and violence in the society.Australians have to understand that their country is a home to many nationalities and their economy is doing well with the support of immigrants. Conclusion Australia is the best choose for a lot of students because of many facts: The whether, the language, the possibility to work legally the beautiful views and the life style. Casually is a important fact that brings a lot of money to the country and also brig people that work in some kinds of jobs that they do not have people interested and people enough to work on it. But Despite for Of this recently facts, Indians now are choosing other destinies.No one person will spend money in a place that maybe they can be offended just because of the color of the skin or the religion choose. The government should start to punish severally, that people that do not know how to lead in society . Shout to start to control who is working and what kind of conditions. Then Australia could be again the better destiny for people that want to study in other country, want to improve the language or want to leave new presences.